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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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  8. <title>Apache mod_rewrite Introduction - Apache HTTP Server</title>
  9. <link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
  10. <link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
  11. <link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" />
  12. <link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
  13. <body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
  14. <p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
  15. <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.2</p>
  16. <img alt="" src="../images/feather.gif" /></div>
  17. <div class="up"><a href="./index.html"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
  18. <div id="path">
  19. <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.2</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Apache mod_rewrite Introduction</h1>
  20. <div class="toplang">
  21. <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/rewrite_intro.html" title="English"> en </a></p>
  22. </div>
  23.  
  24. <p>This document supplements the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
  25. <a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">reference documentation</a>. It
  26. describes the basic concepts necessary for use of
  27. <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>. Other documents go into greater detail,
  28. but this doc should help the beginner get their feet wet.
  29. </p>
  30. </div>
  31. <div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
  32. <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#regex">Regular Expressions</a></li>
  33. <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewriterule">RewriteRule basics</a></li>
  34. <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#flags">Rewrite Flags</a></li>
  35. <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewritecond">Rewrite conditions</a></li>
  36. <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewritemap">Rewrite maps</a></li>
  37. <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#htaccess">.htaccess files</a></li>
  38. <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#EnvVar">Environment Variables</a></li>
  39. </ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">Module
  40. documentation</a></li><li><a href="rewrite_tech.html">Technical details</a></li><li><a href="rewrite_guide.html">Practical solutions to common
  41. problems</a></li><li><a href="rewrite_guide_advanced.html">Practical solutions to
  42. advanced problems</a></li></ul></div>
  43. <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
  44. <div class="section">
  45. <h2><a name="introduction" id="introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
  46. <p>The Apache module <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> is a very powerful and
  47. sophisticated module which provides a way to do URL manipulations. With
  48. it, you can do nearly all types of URL rewriting that you may need. It
  49. is, however, somewhat complex, and may be intimidating to the beginner.
  50. There is also a tendency to treat rewrite rules as magic incantation,
  51. using them without actually understanding what they do.</p>
  52.  
  53. <p>This document attempts to give sufficient background so that what
  54. follows is understood, rather than just copied blindly.
  55. </p>
  56. </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
  57. <div class="section">
  58. <h2><a name="regex" id="regex">Regular Expressions</a></h2>
  59.  
  60. <p>mod_rewrite uses the <a href="http://pcre.org/">Perl Compatible
  61. Regular Expression</a> vocabulary. In this document, we do not attempt
  62. to provide a detailed reference to regular expressions. For that, we
  63. recommend the <a href="http://pcre.org/pcre.txt">PCRE man pages</a>, the
  64. <a href="http://www.perldoc.com/perl5.8.0/pod/perlre.html">Perl regular
  65. expression man page</a>, and <a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/regex2/index.html">Mastering
  66. Regular Expressions, by Jeffrey Friedl</a>.</p>
  67.  
  68. <p>In this document, we attempt to provide enough of a regex vocabulary
  69. to get you started, without being overwhelming, in the hope that
  70. <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>s will be scientific
  71. formulae, rather than magical incantations.</p>
  72.  
  73. <h3><a name="regexvocab" id="regexvocab">Regex vocabulary</a></h3>
  74.  
  75. <p>The following are the minimal building blocks you will need, in order
  76. to write regular expressions and <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>s. They certainly do not
  77. represent a complete regular expression vocabulary, but they are a good
  78. place to start, and should help you read basic regular expressions, as
  79. well as write your own.</p>
  80.  
  81. <table>
  82. <tr>
  83. <th>Character</th>
  84. <th>Meaning</th>
  85. <th>Example</th>
  86. </tr>
  87.  
  88. <tr><td><code>.</code></td><td>Matches any
  89. character</td><td><code>c.t</code> will match <code>cat</code>,
  90. <code>cot</code>, <code>cut</code>, etc.</td></tr>
  91. <tr><td><code>+</code></td><td>Repeats the previous match one or more
  92. times</td><td><code>a+</code> matches <code>a</code>, <code>aa</code>, 
  93. <code>aaa</code>, etc</td></tr>
  94. <tr><td><code>*</code></td><td>Repeats the previous match zero or more
  95. times.</td><td><code>a*</code> matches all the same things
  96. <code>a+</code> matches, but will also match an empty string.</td></tr>
  97. <tr><td><code>?</code></td><td>Makes the match optional.</td><td /></tr>
  98. <tr><td><code>.</code></td><td>Matches any
  99. character</td><td><code>colou?r</code> will match <code>color</code> and
  100. <code>colour</code>.</td></tr>
  101. <tr><td><code>^</code></td><td>Called an anchor, matches the beginning
  102. of the string</td><td><code>^a</code> matches a string that begins with
  103. <code>a</code></td></tr>
  104. <tr><td><code>$</code></td><td>The other anchor, this matches the end of
  105. the string.</td><td><code>a$</code> matches a string that ends with
  106. <code>a</code>.</td></tr>
  107. <tr><td><code>( )</code></td><td>Groups several characters into a single
  108. unit, and captures a match for use in a backreference.</td><td><code>(ab)+</code> 
  109. matches <code>ababab</code> - that is, the <code>+</code> applies to the group.
  110. For more on backreferences see <a href="#InternalBackRefs">below</a>.</td></tr>
  111. <tr><td><code>[ ]</code></td><td>A character class - matches one of the
  112. characters</td><td><code>c[uoa]t</code> matches <code>cut</code>,
  113. <code>cot</code> or <code>cat</code>.</td></tr>
  114. <tr><td><code>!</code></td><td>Not</td><td>Negates a match - that is,
  115. ensures that it does not match.</td></tr>
  116.  
  117. </table>
  118.  
  119.  
  120.  
  121. <h3><a name="InternalBackRefs" id="InternalBackRefs">Regex Back-Reference Availability</a></h3>
  122.  
  123.       <p>One important thing here has to be remembered: Whenever you
  124.       use parentheses in <em>Pattern</em> or in one of the
  125.       <em>CondPattern</em>, back-references are internally created
  126.       which can be used with the strings <code>$N</code> and
  127.       <code>%N</code> (see below). These are available for creating
  128.       the strings <em>Substitution</em> and <em>TestString</em>.
  129.       Figure 2 shows to which locations the back-references are
  130.       transferred for expansion.</p>
  131.  
  132. <p class="figure">
  133.       <img src="../images/mod_rewrite_fig2.gif" width="381" height="179" alt="[Needs graphics capability to display]" /><br />
  134.       <dfn>Figure 2:</dfn> The back-reference flow through a rule.
  135. </p>
  136.  
  137.  
  138. </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
  139. <div class="section">
  140. <h2><a name="rewriterule" id="rewriterule">RewriteRule basics</a></h2>
  141. <p>
  142. Basic anatomy of a RewriteRule, with exhaustively annotated simple
  143. examples.
  144. </p>
  145. </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
  146. <div class="section">
  147. <h2><a name="flags" id="flags">Rewrite Flags</a></h2>
  148. <p>Discussion of the flags to RewriteRule, and when and why one might
  149. use them.</p>
  150. </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
  151. <div class="section">
  152. <h2><a name="rewritecond" id="rewritecond">Rewrite conditions</a></h2>
  153. <p>Discussion of RewriteCond, looping, and other related concepts.
  154. </p>
  155. </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
  156. <div class="section">
  157. <h2><a name="rewritemap" id="rewritemap">Rewrite maps</a></h2>
  158. <p>Discussion of RewriteMap, including simple, but heavily annotated,
  159. examples.</p>
  160. </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
  161. <div class="section">
  162. <h2><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess files</a></h2>
  163. <p>Discussion of the differences between rewrite rules in httpd.conf and
  164. in .htaccess files.</p>
  165. </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
  166. <div class="section">
  167. <h2><a name="EnvVar" id="EnvVar">Environment Variables</a></h2>
  168.  
  169. <p>This module keeps track of two additional (non-standard)
  170. CGI/SSI environment variables named <code>SCRIPT_URL</code>
  171. and <code>SCRIPT_URI</code>. These contain the
  172. <em>logical</em> Web-view to the current resource, while the
  173. standard CGI/SSI variables <code>SCRIPT_NAME</code> and
  174. <code>SCRIPT_FILENAME</code> contain the <em>physical</em>
  175. System-view. </p>
  176.  
  177. <p>Notice: These variables hold the URI/URL <em>as they were
  178. initially requested</em>, <em>i.e.</em>, <em>before</em> any
  179. rewriting. This is important because the rewriting process is
  180. primarily used to rewrite logical URLs to physical
  181. pathnames.</p>
  182.  
  183. <div class="example"><h3>Example</h3><pre>
  184. SCRIPT_NAME=/sw/lib/w3s/tree/global/u/rse/.www/index.html
  185. SCRIPT_FILENAME=/u/rse/.www/index.html
  186. SCRIPT_URL=/u/rse/
  187. SCRIPT_URI=http://en1.engelschall.com/u/rse/
  188. </pre></div>
  189.  
  190. </div></div>
  191. <div class="bottomlang">
  192. <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/rewrite_intro.html" title="English"> en </a></p>
  193. </div><div id="footer">
  194. <p class="apache">Copyright 1995-2006 The Apache Software Foundation or its licensors, as applicable.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p>
  195. <p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div>
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